Osteoporosis Nursing Care Plan

 

Nursing Diagnosis

Impaired Physical Mobility

May be related to
  • Bone loss
  • Pain
  • Fracture
  • Inability to bear weight
Possibly evidenced by
  • Spontaneous fracture
Desired Outcomes
  • Patient will maintain functional mobility as long as possible within limitations of disease process.
  • Patient will have a few, if any, complications related to immobility as disease condition progresses
Nursing Interventions
  • Assess patient’s functional ability for mobility and note changes.
    • Rationale: Identifies problems and helps to establish a plan of care.
  • Provide range of motion exercises every shift. Encourage active range of motion exercises.
    • Rationale: Helps to prevent joint contractures and muscle atrophy.
  • Reposition patient every 2 hours and prn.
    • Rationale: Turning at regular intervals prevents skin breakdown from pressure injury.
  • Apply trochanter rolls and/or pillows to maintain joint alignment.
    • Rationale: Prevents musculoskeletal deformities.
  • Assist patient with walking if at all possible, utilizing sufficient help. A one or two-person pivot transfer utilizing a transfer belt can be used if patient has weight-bearing ability.
    • Rationale: Preserves patient’s muscle tone and helps prevent complications of immobility.
  • Use mechanical lift for patients who cannot bear weight, and help them out of bed at least daily.
    • Rationale: Provides change of scenery, movement, and encourages participation in activities.
  • Avoid restraints as possible.
    • Rationale: Inactivity created by the use of restraints may increase muscle weakness and poor balance.
  • Instruct family regarding ROM exercises, methods of transferring patients from bed to wheelchair, and turning at routine intervals.
    • Rationale: Prevents complications of immobility and knowledge assists family members to be better prepared for home care.
  • Assess degree of immobility produced by injury or treatment and note patient’s perception of immobility.
    • Rationale: Patient may be restricted by self-view or self-perception out of proportion with actual physical limitations, requiring information or interventions to promote progress toward wellness.
  • Encourage participation in diversional or recreational activities. Maintain stimulating environment (radio, TV, newspapers, personal possessions, pictures, clock, calendar, visits from family and friends).
    • Rationale: Provides opportunity for release of energy, refocuses attention, enhances patient’s sense of self-control and self-worth, and aids in reducing social isolation.
  • Instruct patient or assist with active and passive ROM exercises of affected and unaffected extremities.
    • Rationale: Increases blood flow to muscles and bone to improve muscle tone, maintain joint mobility; prevent contractures or atrophy and calcium resorption from disuse
  • Encourage use of isometric exercises starting with the unaffected limb.
    • Rationale: Isometrics contract muscles without bending joints or moving limbs and help maintain muscle strength and mass. Note: These exercises are contraindicated while acute bleeding and edema is present.
  • Provide footboard, wrist splints, trochanter or hand rolls as appropriate.
    • Rationale: Useful in maintaining functional position of extremities, hands and feet, and preventing complications (contractures, footdrop).
  • Place in supine position periodically if possible, when traction is used to stabilize lower limb fractures.
    • Rationale: Reduces risk of flexion contracture of hip.
  • Instruct and encourage use of trapeze and “post position” for lower limb fractures.
    • Rationale: Facilitates movement during hygiene or skin care and linen changes; reduces discomfort of remaining flat in bed. “Post position” involves placing the uninjured foot flat on the bed with the knee bent while grasping the trapeze and lifting the body off the bed.
  • Assist with self-care activities (bathing, shaving).
    • Rationale: Improves muscle strength and circulation, enhances patient control in situation, and promotes self-directed wellness.
  • Provide and assist with mobility by means of wheelchair, walker, crutches, canes as soon as possible. Instruct in safe use of mobility aids.
    • Rationale: Early mobility reduces complications of bed rest (phlebitis) and promotes healing and normalization of organ function. Learning the correct way to use aids is important to maintain optimal mobility and patient safety.
  • Monitor blood pressure (BP) with resumption of activity. Note reports of dizziness.
    • Rationale: Postural hypotension is a common problem following prolonged bed rest and may require specific interventions (tilt table with gradual elevation to upright position).
  • Reposition periodically and encourage coughing and deep-breathing exercises.
    • Rationale: Prevents or reduces incidence of skin and respiratory complications (decubitus, atelectasis, pneumonia).
  • Auscultate bowel sounds. Monitor elimination habits and provide for regular bowel routine. Place on bedside commode, if feasible, or use fracture pan. Provide privacy.
    • Rationale: Bed rest, use of analgesics, and changes in dietary habits can slow peristalsis and produce constipation. Nursing measures that facilitate elimination may prevent or limit complications. Fracture pan limits flexion of hips and lessens pressure on lumbar region and lower extremity cast.
  • Encourage increased fluid intake to 2000–3000 mL per day (within cardiac tolerance), including acid or ash juices.
    • Rationale: Keeps the body well hydrated, decreasing risk of urinary infection, stone formation, and constipation
  • Provide diet high in proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, limiting protein content until after first bowel movement.
    • Rationale: In the presence of musculoskeletal injuries, nutrients required for healing are rapidly depleted, often resulting in a weight loss of as much as 20 to 30 lb during skeletal traction. This can have a profound effect on muscle mass, tone, and strength. Note: Protein foods increase contents in small bowel, resulting in gas formation and constipation. Therefore, gastrointestinal (GI) function should be fully restored before protein foods are increased.
  • Increase the amount of roughage or fiber in the diet. Limit gas-forming foods.
    • Rationale: Adding bulk to stool helps prevent constipation. Gas-forming foods may cause abdominal distension, especially in presence of decreased intestinal motility.
  • Consult with physical, occupational therapist or rehabilitation specialist.
    • Rationale: Useful in creating individualized activity and exercise program. Patient may require long-term assistance with movement, strengthening, and weight-bearing activities, as well as use of adjuncts (walkers, crutches, canes); elevated toilet seats; pickup sticks or reachers; special eating utensils.
  • Initiate bowel program (stool softeners, enemas, laxatives) as indicated.
    • Rationale: Done to promote regular bowel evacuation.
  • Refer to psychiatric clinical nurse specialist or therapist as indicated.
    • Rationale: Patient or SO may require more intensive treatment to deal with reality of current condition, prognosis, prolonged immobility, perceived loss of control.
Nursing Diagnosis

Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements

May be related to
  • Inadequate calcium and vitamin D
Possibly evidenced by
  • Deformity
  • Kyphosis
  • Loss of height
  • Fractures
Desired Outcomes
  • Patient will demonstrate adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.
Nursing Interventions
  • Instruct recommended daily intake for calcium.
    • Rationale: Premenopausal women (19-50 years old) need 1,500 mg of calcium daily. After menopause, the requirement is 1,200 mg daily. Getting enough vitamin D is equally important as getting enough calcium because vitamin D aids in absorption of calcium and improves muscle strength.
  • Instruct on the importance of adequate exposure to sunlight to prevent vitamin D deficiency.
    • Rationale: The patient should be outside 15 minutes daily.
  • If patient has limited exposure to sunlight, encourage vitamin D supplementation.
    • Rationale: Supplementation will ensure adequate vitamin D intake.
  • Instruct patient to perform gentle exercises.
    • Rationale: Exercise can help build strong bones and slow bone loss. Strength-training exercises should be combined with weight-bearing exercises. Strength training helps in bone and muscle strength.
  • Limit alcohol intake
    • Rationale: Consuming more than two alcoholic drinks a day may decrease bone formation and reduce the body’s ability to absorb calcium.
  • Provide a balanced diet.
    • Rationale: A diet high in nutrients that support skeletal metabolism: vitamin D, calcium, and protein.
  • Limit caffeine intake
    • Rationale: Limit the amount of caffeinated beverages to about two to three cups of coffee a day. As long as the diet contains adequate calcium, moderation in caffeine consumption won’t harm the patient. Note also caffeine-containing beverages like colas and some teas.
Nursing Diagnosis

Risk for Poisoning

May be related to
  • Drug toxicity, interactions with prescribed medications
  • Polypharmacy
  • Analgesic abuse
  • Physiologic changes associated with the aging process
  • Cognitive limitations
Possibly evidenced by
  • Usage of numerous medications
  • Adverse medicine effects
  • Drug toxicity levels
  • Inability to take medication correctly
  • Pain
  • Use of analgesic in doses sufficient to cause toxicity or interact with other medicines
  • Disorientation
  • Impaired vision
  • Multiple health care providers
  • Multiple pharmacies
  • Inability to understand drug interactions or usage
Desired Outcomes
  • Patient will be able to prescribed medications in correct quantities at correct times, and will not exhibit signs or symptoms of drug interaction or toxicity.
  • Patient will be able to accurately verbalize understanding of need for one medical provider to control care.
  • Patient and/or family will be able to accurately verbalize understanding of all medications, their effects, side effects, and potential drug interactions.
  • Patient and/or family will be compliant with providing safe environment for the patient by keeping medications in a secure location.
  • Patient will be able to accurately verbalize understanding of appropriate medication administration.
  • Patient will exhibit no signs or symptoms of drug toxicity, or suffer problems with drug interactions.
Nursing Interventions
  • Evaluate the patient’s entire collection of medications, including over-the-counter drugs, vitamin and mineral supplements, herbal remedies, and dietary regimen.
    • Rationale: Provides information as to what drugs and substances are being utilized concurrently and what drug interactions may occur with concurrent use, as well as with dietary consumption. Incorrect administration of medications to be taken on an empty stomach may cause inhibition of the appropriate action of the drug. Concurrent use of other medications can result in potentiation of action and create drug toxicity.
  • Encourage patient and/or family to utilize one primary doctor to coordinate care.
    • Rationale: Prevents utilization of several physicians who are unaware of each other’s treatment regimens and may duplicate medication or prescribe medication that may affect other drugs.
  • Administer drugs as ordered, being cognizant of any interactions that might be possible.
    • Rationale: Most of the time, elderly patients are on several medications, and the medicines used in treatment of osteoporosis can interact with other drugs, causing either a decrease or potentiation of other action.
  • Provide instructions for use of medications, quantity, frequency, number of doses and times, and under what conditions they are to be taken.
    • Rationale: Facilitates understanding of medication regimen and provides reference material once patient is discharged.
  • Ensure medication labels are inscribed in large print with dosage instructions.
    • Rationale: Prevents medication errors for patients with visual impairments.
  • Assist patient and/or family to establish a system of following medication regimen accurately, such as use of calendars, charts, medication boxes that are labeled for each day of the week, and so forth.
    • Rationale: Assists in reduction of medication errors and assists family to be involved in patient’s care.
  • Discuss medications with physician about potential for using alternative long-acting drugs that require only one daily dosage.
    • Rationale: May help to decrease the number of medications per day and simplify the patient’s regimen and facilitate compliance.
  • Monitor lab work for toxicity levels, imbalances of electrolytes and other factors pertinent to patient’s medication profile.
    • Rationale: Helps to reduce risk of toxicity. Age-related changes in the body, such as renal or liver impairment, decrease metabolism of drugs, so what may be considered a normal dosage may become toxic for patient with impaired function.
  • Instruct patient/family regarding all medications, their use, effects and side-effects, and adverse reactions that should be reported to the physician.
    • Rationale: Helps to promote knowledge and facilitates compliance.
  • Instruct patient and/or family to store drugs in a secure area away from the bedside.
    • Rationale: Elderly patients may have some memory loss, forgetting that they’ve already taken medicine, and double the dose taken. Frequently, elderly patients keep their medications in their bedside table to prevent the need to get up at night.
  • Instruct patient and/or family regarding interactions that may occur with concurrent medication usage.
    • Rationale: SERMS decreases the action of anticoagulants and ampicillin; bisphosphonates can result in hypercalcemia; estrogens can decrease the action of anticoagulants and oral hypoglycemics, and other drugs; calcium can decrease the action of estrogens.
Nursing Diagnosis

Deficient Knowledge

May be related to
  • Lack of exposure to information regarding medications, dietary modifications, or safe activity program.
Possibly evidenced by
  • Verbalization of the problem and request for information
  • Fear of further bone loss and fractures
  • Presence of preventable complication
Desired Outcomes
  • Patient will achieve increased knowledge and compliance with medical regimen to minimize bone demineralization and injury.
  • Patient will be compliant with medication and dietary instructions.
  • Patient will be able to perform daily exercises within identified limitations and to prevent further bone loss or deterioration.
  • Patient will exhibit no injury, fall, or trauma that might predispose to a fracture.
  • Patient will be independent in performing ADLs with modifications.
  • Patient and/or family will be able to accurately verbalize understanding of medications and methods of administration.
Nursing Interventions
  • Assess patient’s knowledge of disease, diet, medication, and exercise program to arrest progression of of bone deterioration.
    • Rationale: Provides basis for teaching and techniques to promote compliance. Disease is not usually detected until 24-40% of calcium in bone is lost.
  • Assess the patient’s understanding of osteoporosis.
    • Rationale: Most individuals with osteoporosis are not diagnosed until an acute fracture occurs.
  • Provide support for body image and lifestyle changes.
    • Rationale: Assists patient to cope with chronicity of disease and potential fractures causing pain and immobility.
  • Assist to plan exercise program according to capabilities; to avoid flexion of spine and wear corset if appropriate (walking is preferred to jogging).
    • Rationale: Exercise will strengthen bone. Vertebral collapse is common and corset provides support.
  • Teach patient about nutrition and calcium intake.
    • Rationale: Adequate calcium helps to prevent osteoporosis in women with small frame, increased age, Asians, and Caucasians.
  • Teach the patient that calcium carbonate is most effective form of calcium.
    • Rationale: Calcium carbonate is best absorbed in an acidic stomach. Adults 19-50 years of age should take 1000mg of elemental calcium daily and individuals 51 years above should take 1,200 mg daily.
  • Instruct patient that vitamin D supplementation is indicated for patients with limited sun exposure.
    • Rationale: Vitamin D supplements are needed for people living in the extreme northern or southern latitudes with limited sun exposure. Recommended vitamin D is 200 IU through age 50; 400 IU for 51-70 year olds, and 600 IU for >70 yr.
  • Instruct patient in methods to perform activities of daily living and to avoid lifting, bending, or carrying heavy objects.
    • Rationale: Prevents injury that can occur with osteoporosis with minimal trauma.
  • Instruct patient and/or family in administration of calcium, vitamin D, estrogens, and other drug therapy for osteoporosis.
    • Rationale: Provides replacement of calcium and helps to decrease bone loss.
  • Instruct patient about medication for osteoporosis, adverse effects, administration, and need for follow-up tests.
    • Rationale: An informed patient is likely to adhere to the medication regimen and report adverse effects.
  • Instruct patient and/or family regarding potential referrals to therapy as warranted.
    • Rationale: May help to provide exercise and the development of an activity program to maintain bone condition and encourage independence in ADLs.
  • Teach patient and/or family regarding the use of assistive devices and safety precautions that are that are available to maintain mobility.
    • Rationale: Prevents further trauma or fractures from falls resulting from lack of support.
  • Administer and teach patient about the following drugs: alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), ibandronate (Boniva), or zoledronate (Reclast)
    • Rationale:
      • Bisphosphonates inhibit the activity of osteoclasts.
      • Risedronate may be taken once daily or weekly.
      • Ibandronate requires only monthly administration.
      • Zoledronate is given IV once yearly.
      • Oral bisphosphonates must be taken on first rising, without eating or drinking for 30 mins.
  • Administer and teach patient about raloxifene (Evista)
    • Rationale: Evista is a selective estrogen receptor modulator; it has positive effects on bone mineral density and can be taken at any time of day.
  • Instruct patient about weight bearing exercises.
    • Rationale: Weight-bearing exercise contributes to increase bone density and prevents bone loss.