Community Assessment
Community Assessment
- Status
- Structure
- Process
Types of Community Assessment
Community Diagnosis
- A process by which the nurse collects data about the community in order to identify factors which may influence the deaths and illnesses of the population, to formulate a community health nursing diagnosis and develop and implement community health nursing interventions and strategies.
2 Types:
Comprehensive Community Diagnosis | Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis |
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Steps:
Preparatory Phase
- site selection
- preparation of the community
- statement of the objectives
- determine the data to be collected
- identify methods and instruments for data collection
- finalize sampling design and methods
- make a timetable
Implementation Phase
- data collection
- data organization/collation
- data presentation
- data analysis
- identification of health problems
- prioritization of health problems
- development of a health plan
- validation and feedback
Evaluation Phase
Biostatistics
- DEMOGRAPHY – study of population size, composition and spatial distribution as affected by births, deaths and migration.
- Sources: Census – complete enumeration of the population
2 Ways of Assigning People
- De Jure – People were assigned to the place where assigned to the place they usually live regardless of where they are at the time of census.
- De Facto – People were assigned to the place where they are physically present at are at the time of census regardless, of their usual place of residence.
Components
- Population size
- Population composition
- Age Distribution
- Sex Ratio
- Population Pyramid
- Median age – age below which 50% of the population falls and above which 50% of the population falls. The lower the median age, the younger the population (high fertility, high death rates).
- Age – Dependency Ratio – used as an index of age-induced economic drain on human resources
- Other characteristics:
- occupational groups
- economic groups
- educational attainment
- ethnic group
- Population Distribution
- Urban-Rural – shows the proportion of people living in urban compared to the rural areas
- Crowding Index – indicates the ease by which a communicable disease can be transmitted from 1 host to another susceptible host.
- Population Density – determines congestion of the place
Vital Statistics
- The application of statistical measures to vital events (births, deaths and common illnesses) that is utilized to gauge the levels of health, illness and health services of a community.
Types of Vital Statistics
Fertility Rate
1. Crude Birth Rate
Total # of livebirths in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same given year
2. General Fertility Rate
Total # of livebirths in a given calendar year X 1000
Total number of reproductive age
Mortality Rate
1. Crude Death Rate
_Total # of death in a given calendar year_ X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
2. Infant Mortality Rate
Total # of death below 1 yr in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
3. Maternal Mortality Rate
Total # of death among all maternal cases in a given calendar year X 1000
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
Morbidity Rate
1. Prevalence Rate
Total # of new & old cases in a given calendar year X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
2. Incidence Rate
Total # of new cases in a given calendar year_ X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
3. Attack Rate
Total # of person who are exposed to the disease X 100
Estimated population as of July 1 of the same calendar year
Epidemiology
- the study of distribution of disease or physiologic condition among human population s and the factors affecting such distribution
- the study of the occurrence and distribution of health conditions such as disease, death, deformities or disabilities on human populations
1. Patterns of disease occurrence
Epidemic
- A situation when there is a high incidence of new cases of a specific disease in excess of the expected.
- when the proportion of the susceptible are high compared to the proportion of the immunes
Epidemic potential
- an area becomes vulnerable to a disease upsurge due to causal factors such as climatic changes, ecologic changes, or socio-economic changes
Endemic
- habitual presence of a disease in a given geographic location accounting for the low number of both immunes and susceptibles.E.g. Malaria is a disease endemic at Palawan.
- The causative factor of the disease is constantly available or present to the area.
Sporadic
- disease occurs every now and then affecting only a small number of people relative to the total population
- intermittent
Pandemic
- global occurrence of a disease
Steps in Epidemiological Investigation:
- Establish fact of presence of epidemic
- Establish time and space relationship of the disease
- Relate to characteristics of the group in the community
- Correlate all data obtained
2. Role of the Nurse
- Case Finding
- Health Teaching
- Counseling
- Follow up visit
Reference:
Ms Ma. Adelaida Morong, Far Eastern University- Institute of Nursing
In-House Nursing Review