Motion - Revision Notes

 CBSE Class 9 Science

Revision Notes
CHAPTER – 8
Motion

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• Motion occurs when an object changes its position with time.
• When a body covers equal distance in equal interval of time, it is moving with uniform motion.
• When a body covers unequal distance in equal interval of time. it is moving with non-uniform motion.

Both Distance and Time are important in describing motion.

• Sometimes you know motion has occurred even if you didn’t see it happen.
• Relative motion: when two objects are moving in a plane (either in same direction or opposite) each have relative motion with respect to second. e.g. a person sitting in a train and watching a tree, in this case tree is stable but is assumed to be moving but with respect to train.

Distance vs. Displacement

• Distance: How far an object has moved. It has only magnitude without direction.
• Displacement: How far and in what direction an object has moved from its start position. i.e. the direct distance between intial and final points.

Speed

• Speed = the distance an object travels in a given amount of time
• Speed=distancetime$Speed=\frac{dis\tan ce}{time}$
• SI unit of speed is m/s

Types of Speed

• Constant speed: speed doesn’t change
• Changing speed: Riding a bike for 5 km. Take off and increase speed, slow down up hill, speed up down hill, stop for stop sign. The trip took you 15 min (.25 h)
• Average speed = totaldistancetotaltime$\frac{totaldis\tan ce}{totaltime}$

Instantaneous speed: speed at any given time.

Velocity

• Velocity: includes speed and direction.
• Storm is moving at 20km/hr.
• Suppose two trains are going with the same speed in opposite direction so they are having different velocities.
• Race car going around an oval track might have constant speed, but different velocities at each point.

Acceleration

• Any change in velocity over a period of time is called acceleration.
• The sign (+ or -) of indicates its direction. + sign shows the acceleration and – sign shows de-acceleration.
• Uniform (constant) acceleration equation
• a = v/t
  
• Images of car are equally spaced.
• The car is moving with constant positive velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining the same size) .
• The acceleration equals to zero
  
• Images of car become farther apart as time increases
• Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
• Acceleration is uniform (Arrows below the car maintain the same length)
• Velocity is increasing (Arrows above the car are getting longer)
• This shows positive acceleration and positive velocity
  
  The instant speed at points of equal elevations is the same.
  The velocities are different because they are in opposite free fall & air resistance.
  

Galileo Galilei Italian physicist and astronomer Formulated laws of motion for objects in free fall

• A freely falling object is any object moving freely under the influence of gravity alone.
• It does not depend upon the initial motion of the object
• Dropped – released from rest
• Thrown downward
• Thrown upward
• The acceleration of an object in free fall is directed downward, regardless of the initial motion
• The magnitude of free fall acceleration (gravitational acceleration) is g = 9.80 m/s2$m/s^2$
• g decreases with increasing altitude
• g varies with latitude, height and depth from earth surface.
• 9.80 m/s2$m/s^2$is the average at the Earth’s surface
• The italicized g will be used for the acceleration due to gravity
• Not to be confused with g for grams
  
• With negligible air resistance, falling objects can be considered freely falling. objects of different shapes accelerate differently (stone vs feather)
• Speed both upward and downward
  
• The path is symmetrical.
• Acceleration is constant.
• The magnitude of the velocities is the same at equal heights.
• Images become closer together as time increases
• Acceleration and velocity are in opposite directions when ball goes upward.
• Acceleration is uniform (violet arrows maintain the same length)
• Velocity is decreasing in upward motion (red arrows are getting shorter)
• Positive velocity and negative acceleration
• Velocity becomes zero at maximum height.
• Time duration flight in going upward and coming back is always same.

2 Graphical Representation Of Motion & Graphs

3. Equation of motion

(1) When object is moving in straight line-

v=v0+at$v=v_0+at$
x=x0+v0t+1/2at2$x=x_0+v_{0}t+1/2a{t}^2$
v2=v20+2a(Δx)$v^2=v_0^2+2a(\mathrm{\Delta }x)$

• Average acceleration describes how fast the velocity is changing with respecttime.

aave=ΔvΔt=Δ(ΔxΔt)Δt$a_{ave}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{\mathrm{\Delta }t}=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }(\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }x}{\mathrm{\Delta }t})}{\mathrm{\Delta }t}$

• where:
• = average acceleration

Δ$\mathrm{\Delta }$v = change in velocity

Δ$\mathrm{\Delta }$x = displacement

Δ$\mathrm{\Delta }$t = elapsed time

(2) when object is coming vertically downward-

v=v0+gt$v=v_0+gt$
h=v0t+1/2gt2$h=v_{0}t+1/2g{t}^2$
v2=v20+2ah$v^2=v_0^2+2ah$

(3) when object is coming vertically upward-

v=v0+gt$v=v_0+gt$
x=v0t+1/2gt2$x=v_{0}t+1/2g{t}^2$
v2=v20−2gh$v^2=v_0^2-2gh$

• The SI unit of velocity is the m/s.

Average acceleration is+ or – depending on direction.

• Instantaneous Acceleration

a=t−→−lim0(ΔvΔt)$a=t\stackrel{lim}{\to }0\left(\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }v}{\mathrm{\Delta }t}\right)$

• Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of Δv/ΔtasΔt$\mathrm{\Delta }v/\mathrm{\Delta }tas\mathrm{\Delta }t$approaches zero
• Instantaneous acceleration is zero where slope is constant
• Instantaneous acceleration is positive where curve is concave up
• Instantaneous acceleration is negative where curve is concave down

Uniform Circular Motion

In this kind of motion the object moves on circle with fix speed but the direction changed by the time so the velocity of the change so its called acceleration motionacceleration is called centrifugal acceleration.It is directed toward the centre.