Ch18 India Manufacturing Industries

CBSE Class 12 Geography

Revision Notes
India-People and Economy

Chapter-8 Manufacturing Industries

Key Notes:

Industries have become very important part of an economy
They provide employment to large labour force and contribute significantly in the total national wealth/income

Types of Industries

Industries are classified on the basis of size, capital investment and labour force employed
Industries are also classified as large, medium, small scale, and cottage industries
On the basis of ownership, industries are categorised as : (i) public sector, (ii) private sector, and (iii) joint and cooperative sector
Industries are also classified on the basis of the use of their products such as : (i) basic goods industries, (ii) capital goods industries (iii) intermediate goods industries, and (iv) consumer goods industries
Industries are classified on the basis of raw materials (i) agriculture-based industries, (ii) forest-based industries, (iii) mineral-based industries, and (iv) industrially processed raw materialbased industries
Another common classification of industries is based on the nature of the manufactured products. Eight classes of industries, thus identified are :
- Metallurgical Industries,
- Mechanical Engineering Industries,
- Chemical and Allied Industries,
- Textile Industries,
- Food Processing Industries,
- Electricity Generation,
- Electronics and
- Communication Industries

Location of Industries
Location of industries is influenced by several factors like access to raw materials, power, market, capital, transport and labour, etc

1) Raw materials

There is strong relationship between raw material and type of industry
Industries using weight-losing raw materials are located in the regions where raw materials are located
For example, the locations of pulp industry, copper smelting and pig iron industries are located near their raw materials
In iron and steel industries, iron ore and coal both are weight-losing raw materials. Therefore, an optimum location for iron and steel industries should be near raw material sources
This is why most of the iron and steel industries are located either near coalfields of Bokaro, Durgapur, etc. or near sources of iron ore i.e Bhadravati, Bhilai, and Rourkela
Industries based on perishable raw materials are also located close to raw material sources

2) Power

Regular supply of power is a pre-requisite for the localisation of industries. Coal, mineral oil and hydro-electricity are the three important conventional sources of power. Most of the industries tend to concentrate at the source of power
Power provides the motive force for machines, and therefore, its supply has to be ensured before the location of any industry
For example, industries, like aluminium and synthetic nitrogen manufacturing industries tend to be located near sources of power because they are power intensive and require huge quantum of electricity

3) Market

Markets provide the outlets for manufactured products
Heavy machine, machine tools, heavy chemicals are located near the high demand areas as these are market orientated
Nearness to market is essential for quick disposal of manufactured goods
It helps in reducing the transport cost and enables the consumer to get things at cheaper rates
For example, cotton textile industry uses a non-weight-losing raw material and is generally located in large urban centre, e.g. Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, etc
Another example, petroleum refineries are also located near the markets as the transport of crude oil is easier and several products derived from them are used as raw material in other industries e.g. Koyali, Mathura and Barauni refineries

4) Transport

Transport by land or water is necessary for the assembly of raw materials and for the marketing of the finished products
The development of railways in India, connecting the port towns with hinterland determined the location of many industries around Kolkata, Mumbai and Chennai
All major industrial plants are located on the trunk rail routes

5) Labour

Labour supply is important in two respects (a) workers in large numbers are often required; (b) people with skill or technical expertise are needed
In our country, modem industry still requires a large number of workers in spite of increasing mechanisation
For example, the light consumer goods and agro-based industries generally require a plentiful of labour supply
In India, labour is quite mobile and is available in large numbers due to our large population

6) Historical factors

Industrial location like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai were greatly influenced by our colonial past
Places like Murshidabad, Dhaka, Bhadohi, Surat, Vadodara, Kozhikode, Coimbatore, Mysore, etc. emerged as important manufacturing centres

7) Industrial policy

Industrial policy is a statement which defines the role of government in industrial development
The industrial policy of the Government of India is aimed at increasing the tempo of industrial development
It seeks to create a favourable investment climate for the private sector as well as mobilise resources for the investment in public sector
For example, establishment of iron and steel industry in Bhilai and Rourkela were based on decision to develop backward tribal areas of the country
Government of India provides lots of incentives to industries locating in backward areas

The Iron and Steel industry

The iron and steel industry is basic to the industrial development of any country
Almost all sectors of the Indian industry depend heavily on the iron and steel industry for their basic infrastructure
The best location for the iron and steel plants is near the source of raw materials
Raw materials used in iron and steel industry are coking coal, limestone, dolomite, manganese and fire clay
In India, there is a crescent shaped region comprising parts of Chhattisgarh, Northern Orissa, Jharkhand and western West Bengal, which is extremely rich in high grade iron ore, good quality coking coal and other supplementing raw materials

The Indian iron and steel industry consists of large integrated steel plants as well as mini steel mills. These are

1) TISCO

The Tata Iron and Steel plant lies very close to the Mumbai-Kolkata railway line and about 240 km away from Kolkata, which is the nearest port for the export of steel
The rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai provide water to the plant
The iron ore for the plant is obtained from Noamundi and Badam Pahar and coal is brought from Joda mines in Orissa
Coking coal comes from Jharia and west Bokaro coalfields

2) IISCO

The Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) set up its first factory at Hirapur and later on another at Kulti
In 1937, the Steel corporation of Bengal was constituted in association with IISCO and set up another iron and steel producing unit at Burnpur (West Bengal)
The three plants under IISCO are located very close to Damodar valley coal fields (Raniganj, Jharia, and Ramgarh)
Iron ore comes from Singhbhum in Jharkhand. Water is obtained from the Barakar River, a tributary of the Damodar
All the plants are located along the Kolkata-Asansol railway line
The steel production from IISCO fell considerably in 1972-73 and the plants were taken over by the government

3) Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel works Ltd.

The third integrated steel plant, the Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel Works, initially called the Mysore Iron and Steel Works
It is located close to an iron ore producing area of Kemangundi in the Bababudan hills
Limestone and manganese are also locally available
Electric furnaces were installed which use hydroelectricity from the Jog Falls hydel power project
The Bhadravati river supplies water to the plant
After independence, during the Second Five Year Plan (1956-61), three new integrated steel plants were set up with foreign collaboration: Rourkela in Orissa, Bhilai in Chhattisgarh and Durgapur in West Bengal
In 1973, the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was created to manage these plants

4) Rourkela Steel Plant

The Rourkela Steel plant was set up in 1959 in the Sundargarh district of Orissa in collaboration with Germany
The plant was located on the basis of proximity to raw materials, thus, minimising the cost of transporting weight losing raw material
This plant has a unique locational advantage, as it receives coal from Jharia (Jharkhand) and iron ore from Sundargarh and Kendujhar
The Hirakud project supplies power for the electric furnaces and water is obtained from the Koel and Sankh rivers

5) Bhilai Steel Plant

The Bhilai Steel Plant was established with Russian collaboration in Durg District of Chhattisgarh and started production in 1959
The iron ore comes from Dalli-Rajhara mine , coal comes from Korba and Kargali coal fields
The water comes from the Tanduladam and the power from the Korba Themal Power Station
This plant also lies on the Kolkata-Mumbai railway route
The bulk of the steel produced goes to the Hindustan Shipyard at Vishakhapatnam

6) Durgapur Steel Plant

Durgapur Steel Plant, in West Bengal, was set up in collaboration with the government of the United Kingdom and started production in 1962
This plant lies in Raniganj and Jharia coal belt and gets iron ore from Noamundi
Durgapur lies on the main Kolkata-Delhi railway route
Hydel power and water is obtained from the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC)

7) Bokaro Steel Plant

This steel plant was set up in 1964 at Bokaro with Russian collaboration
This plant was set up on the principle of transportation cost minimisation by creating Bokaro-Rourkela combine
It receives iron ore from the Rourkela region and the wagons on return take coal to Rourkela
Other raw materials come to Bokaro from within a radius of about 350 km
Water and Hydel power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation

8) Other Steel Plants

New steel plants which were set up in the Fourth Plan period are located in South India
The Vizag Steel Plant, in Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh is the first port based plant which started operating in 1992
The Vijaynagar Steel Plant at Hospet in Karnataka was developed using indigenous technology. This uses local iron ore and limestone
The Salem Steel Plant in Tamil Nadu was commissioned in 1982

The Cotton Textile Industry

The cotton textile industry is one of the traditional industries of India
India was famous worldwide for the production of muslin, a very fine variety of cotton cloth, calicos, chintz and other different varieties of fine cotton cloth

The development of this industry in India was due to several factors

It is a tropical country and cotton is the most comfortable fabric for a hot and humid climate
Large quantity of cotton was grown in India
Abundant skilled labour required for this industry was available in this country

In 1854, the first modern cotton mill was established in Mumbai. Mumbai had several advantages as a cotton textile manufacturing center. These are-

It was very close to the cotton producing areas of Gujarat and other parts of Maharashtra
Raw cotton used to be brought to Mumbai port to be transported to England
Mumbai even then was the financial centre and the capital needed to start an industry was available there
As a large town, providing employment opportunities attracted labour in large numbers. Hence, cheap and abundant labour too was available locally
The machinery required for a cotton textile mill could be directly imported from England

In 1998, India had 1782 mills; of which, 192 mills were in the public sector and 151 mills in the cooperative sector. The largest number, that is, 1,439 mills were in the private sector. The cotton textile industry in India can be broadly divided into two sectors, the organised sector and the decentralised sector

The decentralised sector includes cloth produced in handlooms (including Khadi) and powerlooms. The production of the organised sector has drastically fallen from 81% in the mid-20th century to only about 6% in 2000
The powerlooms on the decentralised sector produce more than 59% and the handloom sector produces about 19 % of all cotton cloth produced in the country

After the first mills were set up in Mumbai and Ahmedabad in the second half of the 19th century
In southern India, mills were set up at Coimbatore, Madurai and Bangalore.
In central India, Nagpur, Indore, Solapur and Vadodara became cotton textile centres
Cotton textile mills were set up at Kanpur based on local investment. Mills were also set up at Kolkata due to its port facilities
The rapid development of this industry in Tamil Nadu is the result of the abundant availability of hydel power for the mills
Reason behind the location of the cotton textile mills away from the cotton producing areas are the development of hydro-electricity and lower labour costs at centres like Ujjain, Bharuch, Agra, Hathras, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli
The major centres of the cotton textile industry are Ahmedabad, Bhiwandi, Solapur, Kolhapur, Nagpur, Indore and Ujjain, all these centres are the traditional centres and are located close to the cotton producing regions
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu are the leading cotton producing states
West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, and Punjab are the other important cotton textile producers

Southern Region

Tamil Nadu has the largest number of mills and most of them produce yarn rather than clot
Coimbatore has emerged as the most important centre with nearly half the mills located there
Chennai, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Tuticorin, Thanjavur, Ramanathapuram and Salem are the other important centres
In Karnataka, the cotton textile industry has developed in the cotton producing areas in the north-eastern part of the state
Davangere, Hubli, Bellary, Mysore and Bangalore are important centres
In Andhra Pradesh, the cotton textile industry is located in the cotton producing Telengana region, where most of the mills are spinning mills producing yarn
The important centres are Hyderabad Secunderabad, Warangal and Guntur

Northern Region

In Uttar Pradesh, Kanpur is the largest centre
Some of the other important centres are Modinagar, Hathras, Saharanpur, Agra and Lucknow
In West Bengal, the cotton mills are located in the Hugli region
Howrah, Serampur, Kolkata and Shyamnagar are the important centres

Sugar Industry

The sugar industry is the second most important agro-based industry in the country
India is the largest producer of both sugarcane and cane sugar and contributes about 8% of the total sugar production in the world
This industry provides employment for more than 4 lakh persons directly and a large number of farmers indirectly
Sugar industry is a seasonal industry because of the seasonality of raw materials

Location of sugar industry

Sugar cane is the main raw material for the sugar industry
It is a heavy, low value, weight losing and perishable raw material

Maharashtra has emerged as a leading sugar producer in the country and produces more than one-third of the total production of the sugar in the country
There are 119 sugarmills in the state in a narrow belt extending from Manmad in the north to Kolhapur in the south
There are 87 mills in the cooperative sector

Distribution of sugar industry
Northern Region

Uttar Pradesh is the second largest producer of sugar
The sugar factories are concentrated in two belts – the Ganga-Yamuna doab and the tarai region
The major sugar producing centres in the Ganga -Yamuna doab are Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Baghpat and Bulandshahr districts; while Kheri Lakhimpur, Basti, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Bahraich are important sugar producing districts in the Tarai region

Southern Region

In Tamil Nadu, sugar factories are located in Coimbatore, Vellore, Tiruvanamalai, Villupuram and Tiruchchirappalli districts
Belgaum, Bellary, Mandya, Shimoga, Bijapur, and Chitradurg districts are the major producers in Karnataka
The industry is distributed in the coastal regions i.e. East Godavari, West Godavari, Vishakhapatnam districts and Nizamabad, and Medak districts of Telangana alongwith Chittoor district of Rayalseema

Other states

The other States which produce sugar are Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat
Saran, Champaran, Muzaffarnagar, Siwan, Darbhanga, and Gaya are the important sugarcane producing districts in Bihar
In Haryana, sugar factories are located in Yamuna Nagar, Rohtak, Hissar and Faridabad districts
Sugar mills are located in the cane growing tracts of Surat, Junagarh, Rajkot, Amreli, Valsad and Bhavnagar districts

Petrochemical Industries

A variety of products come under this category of industries
Many items are derived from crude petroleum, which provide raw materials for many new industries, these are collectively known as petrochemical industries
This group of industries is divided into four sub-groups:
(i) polymers, (ii) synthetic fibres, (iii) elastomes (iv) surfactant intermediate
Mumbai is the hub of the petrochemical industries
Cracker units are also located in Auraiya (Uttar Pradesh), Jamnagar, Gandhinagar and Hajira (Gujarat), Nagothane, Ratnagiri (Maharashtra), Haldia (West Bengal) and Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
Three organisations are working in the petrochemical sector under the administrative control of the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals.These are-
- Indian Petrochemical Corporation Limited (IPCL), a public sector undertaking. It is responsible for the manufacture and distribution of the various petrochemicals like polymers, chemicals, fibres and Fibre intermediates.
- Petrofils Cooperative Limited (PCL), a joint venture of the Government of India and Weaver’s Cooperative Societies. It produces polyester filament yarn and nylon chips at its two plants located at Vadodara and Naldhari in Gujarat.
- Central Institute of Plastic Engineering and Technology (CIPET), involved in imparting training in petro-chemical industry

Manufacturing of Polymers/Plastics
. Polymers are made from ethylene and propylen

These materials are obtained in the process of refining crude oil
Polymers are used as raw materials in the plastic industry
Among polymers, polyethylene is a widely used thermoplastic
Plastic is first converted into sheets, powder, resin and pellets, and then used in manufacturing plastic product
Plastic products are preferred because of their strength, flexibility, water and chemical resistance and low prices
Production of plastic polymers started in India in the late fifties and the early sixties using other organic chemicals
The National Organic Chemicals Industries Limited (NOCIL), established in private sector in 1961, started the first naphtha based chemical industry in Mumbai
The plants located at Mumbai, Barauni, Mettur, Pimpri and Rishra are the major producers of plastic materials
About 75% of these units are in small scale sector
The industry also uses recycled plastics, which constitutes about 30% of the total production
Synthetic fibres are widely used in the manufacturing of fabrics because of their inherent strength, durability, washability, and resistance to shrinkage.
Industries manufacturing nylon and polyester yarns are located at Kota, Pimpri, Mumbai, Modinagar, Pune, Ujjain, Nagpur and Udhna
Acrylic staple fibre is manufactured at Kota and Vadodara

Knowledge based Industries or IT(Information Technology)

The Information Technology (IT) revolution opened up new possibilities of economic and social transformation
The IT and IT enabled business process outsourcing (ITES�BPO) services continue to be on a robust growth path
Indian software industry has emerged as one of the fastest growing sectors in the economy
The software industry has surpassed electronic hardware production
The IT software and services industry account for almost 2% of India’s GDP
A majority of the multinational companies operating in the area of information technology have either software development centres or research development centres in India
A major impact of this growth has been on employment creation, which is almost doubled every year

Liberalisation, Privatisation,Globalisation (LPG) and Industrial Development in India

The new Industrial Policy was announced in 1991
The major objectives of this policy were
- to build on the gains already made
- correct the distortions or weaknesses that have crept in
- maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment and attain international competitiveness

Measures of Industrial Policy in India are-

abolition of industrial licensing
free entry to foreign technology
foreign investment policy
access to capital market
open trade
abolition of phased manufacturing programme
liberalised industrial location programme

The policy has three main dimensions: liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation
The industrial licensing system has been abolished for all except six industries related to security, strategic or environmental concerns
In the new industrial policy, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been seen as a supplement to the domestic investment for achieving a higher level of economic development
FDI benefits the domestic industry as well as the consumers by providing technological upgradation, access to global managerial skills and practices, optimum use of natural and human resources, etc
The industrial policy has been liberalised to attract private investor both domestic and multi-nationals
New sectors like, mining, telecommunications, highway construction and management have been thrown open to private companies
Globalisation means integrating the economy of the country with the world economy
Under this process, goods and services along with capital, labour and resources can move freely from one nation to another
The thrust of globalisation has been to increase the domestic and external competition through extensive application of market mechanism and facilitating dynamic relationship with the foreign investors and suppliers of technology

In Indian context, globalisation implies :

opening of the economy to foreign direct investment by providing facilities to foreign companies to invest in different fields of economies activity in India
removing restrictions and obstacles to the entry of multi�national companies in India
allowing Indian companies to enter into foreign collaboration in India and also encouraging them to set up joint ventures abroad
carrying out massive import liberalisation programmes by switching over from quantitative restrictions to tariffs in the first place, and then bringing down the level of import duties considerably
instead of a set of export incentives, opting for exchange rate adjustments for promoting export

Out of the total proposed investment by the industrial entrepreneurs during 1991-2000 nearly one-fourth (23%) was for industrially developed Maharashtra, 17% for Gujarat, 7% for Andhra Pradesh, and about 6% for Tamil Nadu while Uttar Pradesh, the state with the largest population has only 8%

Industrial Regions in India
Several indices are used to identify the clustering of industries, important among them are :

the number of industrial units,
number of industrial workers,
quantum of power used for industrial purposes,
total industrial output, and
value added by manufacturing, etc.

Major industrial regions of the country are

1) Mumbai Pune industrial region

It extends from Mumbai-Thane to Pune & in adjoining districts of Nashik & Solapur
Industrial development has been rapid in Kolaba, Ahmednagar, Satara, Sangli and Jalgaon districts

Reason behind such development are

Development of this is the location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai
Mumbai, with cotton hinterland and moist climate favored the location of cotton textile industry
Opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 provided impetus to the growth of Mumbai port
Machineries were imported through this port
Hydro-electricity was developed in the Western Ghat region to meet the requirements of this industry
With the development of cotton textile industry, chemical industry also developed
Opening of the Mumbai High petroleum field and erection of nuclear energy plants added additional pull to this region.

Engineering goods, petroleum refining, petrochemicals, leather, synthetic and plastic goods, drugs, fertilisers,electrical, shipbuilding, electronics, software, transport equipments and food industries also developed in this region
Important industrial centre's are Mumbai, Kolaba, Kalyan, Thane, Trombay, Pune, Pimpri, Nashik, Manmad, Solapur, Kolhapur, Ahmednagar, Satara and Sangli

2) Hugli industrial region
Reasons for development in this region are-

It is located along the Hugli river, this region extends from Bansberia in the north to Birlanagar in the south for a distance of about 100 km
Industries also have developed in Mednipur in the west
Kolkata-Haora form the nucleus of this industrial region
It developed with the opening of river port on Hugli
Kolkata emerged as a leading centre of the country which was connected with interior parts by railway lines and road routes
Development of tea plantations in Assam and northern hills of West Bengal, the processing of indigo earlier and jute later coupled with the opening of coalfields of the Damodar Valley and iron ore deposits of the Chotanagpur plateau, contributed to the industrial development of the region
Cheap labour available from thickly populated part of Bihar, eastern Uttar Pradesh and Orissa also contributed to its development
Kolkata, being the capital city of British India (1773-1911), attracted the British capital
Cotton textile industry also grew along with jute industry, paper, engineering, textile machinery, electrical, chemical, pharmaceuticals, fertiliser and petrochemical industries have also developed within this region
Factory of the Hindustan Motors Limited at Konnagar and diesel engine factory at Chittaranjan are landmarks of this region
Location of petroleum refinery at Haldia has facilitated the development of a variety of industries

Important industrial centres of this region are Kolkata, Haora, Haldia, Serampur, Rishra, Shibpur, Naihati, Kakinara, Shamnagar, Titagarh, Sodepur, Budge Budge, Birlanagar, Bansberia, Belgurriah, Triveni, Hugli, Belur, etc.

4) Bangalore-Chennai Industrial Region

Till 1960, industries were confined to Bangalore, Salem and Madurai districts but now they have spread over all the districts of Tamil Nadu except Viluppuram
Due to absence of coalfields in this region, its development is dependent on the Pykara hydroelectric plant, which was built in 1932
Cotton textile industry was the first to take roots due to the presence of cotton growing areas
Along with cotton mills, loom industry spread very rapidly in this region
Aircraft (HAL), machine tools, telephone (HTL) and Bharat Electronics are industrial landmarks of this region
Important industries are textiles, rail wagons, diesel engines, radio, light engineering goods, rubber goods, medicines, aluminium, sugar, cement, glass, paper, chemicals, film, cigarette, match box, leather goods, etc
Petroleum refinery at Chennai, iron and steel plant at Salem and fertiliser plants are recent developments

5) Gujarat Industrial Region
The nucleus of this region lies between Ahmedabad and Vadodara but this region extends upto Valsad and Surat in the south and to Jamnagar in the west

Reason for development in this region are-

The location of the cotton textile industry since 1860s
This region became an important textile region with the decline of the cotton textile industry at Mumbai
Located in cotton growing area, this region has double advantage of the proximity of raw materials as well as of market
The discovery of oil fields led to the establishment of petrochemical industries around Ankleshwar, Vadodara and Jamnagar
The port at Kandla helped in the rapid growth of this region
Petroleum refinery at Koyali provided raw materials to a host of petrochemical industries

Besides, textiles (cotton, silk and synthetic fabrics) and petrochemical industries, other industries are heavy and basic chemicals, motor, tractor, diesel engines, textile machinery, engineering, pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, sugar, dairy products and food processing
Largest petroleum refinery has been set up at Jamnagar
Important industrial centres of this region are Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Bharuch, Koyali, Anand, Khera, Surendranagar, Rajkot, Surat, Valsad and Jamnagar

6) Chotanagpur Region

This region extends over Jharkhand, northern Orissa and western West Bengal and is known for the heavy metallurgical industries

Reason for development in this region are-

Discovery of coal in the Damodar Valley and metallic and non-metallic minerals in Jharkhand and northern Orissa
Proximity of coal, iron ore and other minerals facilitated the location of heavy industries in this region
Six large integrated iron and steel plants at Jamshedpur, BurnpurKulti, Durgapur, Bokaro and Rourkela are located within this region
To meet the power requirement, thermal and hydroelectric plants have been constructed in the Damodar Valley
Densely populated surrounding regions provide cheap labour and Hugli region provides vast market for its industries

Heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilisers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals are some of the important industries in this region
Important centres are Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Sindri, Hazaribag, Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Rourkela, Durgapur, Asansol and Dalmianagar

7) Vishakapatnam-Guntur Industrial Region

This industrial region extends from Vishakhapatnam district to Kurnool and Prakasam districts in the south

Reason for development in this region are-

This region hinges upon Vishakhapatnam and Machilipatnam ports and developed agriculture and rich reserves of minerals in their hinterlands
Coalfields of the Godavari basin provide energy
Petroleum refinery based on imported petroleum facilitated the growth of several petrochemical industries

Sugar, textile, jute, paper, fertiliser, cement, aluminium and light engineering are principal industries of this region
One lead-zinc smelter is functioning in Guntur district
Iron and steel plant at Vishakhapatnam uses the Bailadila iron ore
Vishakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Vijaynagar, Rajahmundry, Guntur, Eluru and Kurnool are important industrial centres

8) Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut Industrial Region

This region is located far away from the mineral and power resources, and therefore, the industries are light and market-oriented
Electronics, light engineering and electrical goods are major industries of this region
Besides, there are cotton, woollen and synthetic fabrics, hosiery, sugar, cement, machine tools, tractor, cycle, agricultural implements, chemical and vanaspati industries which have developed on large scale
Agra-Mathura industrial area specialises in glass and leather goods
Mathura with an oil refinery is a petrochemical complex
Other important industrial center are Gurgaon, Delhi, Shahdara, Faridabad, Meerut, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Ambala, Agra and Mathura

9) Kollam-Tiruvanantapuram Industrial Region

This industrial region is spread over Tiruvanantapuram, Kollam, Alwaye, Ernakulam and Alappuzha districts
Plantation agriculture and hydropower provide industrial base to this region
Agricultural products processing and market oriented light industries predominate the region like cotton textile, sugar, rubber, matchbox, glass, chemical fertiliser and fish-based industries
Food processing, paper, coconut coir products, aluminium and cement industries are also significant
Important industrial centres are Kollam, Tiruvanantapuram, Alluva, Kocchi, Alappuzha, and Punalur

Ch18 India Manufacturing Industries - Revision Notes