B-1 Ch-1 Cold War - Test Papers

 CBSE Test Paper 01

Class 12 - Political Science (B-1 Ch-1 The Cold War Era)
  1. Which conference was held in 1972 by the United Nations?
    1. United Nations conference on trade and development
    2. United Nations conference on investment
    3. United Nations conference on education
    4. United Nations conference on trade and defence

  2. When and why did India sign the twenty-years ‘Treaty of Peace and Friendship’ with the Soviet Union?

  3. When and where the first NAM Summit was held?

  4. Why was the NATO also called Western Alliance?

  5. Which ideologies were represented by the Western alliance and the Eastern alliance respectively?

  6. Mention the methods of ‘Shock Therapy’ amongst the former Second World countries.

  7. Write a note on tension and conflicts that occurred in Russia.

  8. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis?

  9. Mention any four realities that have changed the world politics after the Cold War.

  10. Name any two founders of Non-aligned Movement. The first NAM summit was the culmination of which three factors?

  11. Study the passage given below and answer the questions that follow:
    The two superpowers were keen on expanding their spheres of influence in different parts of the world. In a world sharply divided between the two alliance systems, a state was supposed to remain tied to its protective superpower to limit the influence of the other superpower and its allies. Most countries of Western Europe sided with the U.S. and those of Eastern Europe joined the Soviet camp

    1. Name the two superpowers.
    2. Why did the allies want to remain tied with one of the superpowers?
    3. Why did the superpowers want to bring other countries into their camps?
    4. What were the reasons behind the conflict in both groups?

  12. Study the map given below and answer the questions that follow :

    1. Which countries were the members of NATO and Warsaw Pact?
    2. When were these alliances signed?
    3. What was the object of Warsaw Pact?
    4. Which was the main clause of NATO?

  13. The Cold War produced an arms race as well as arms control. What were the reasons for both these developments?

CBSE Test Paper 01
Class 12 - Political Science (B-1 Ch-1 The Cold War Era)
Answer

  1.  
    1. United Nations conference on trade and development
      Explanation:
      UNCTAD was held in 1972 which was related to Trade and development of United Nations.

  2. India had been attacked by Pakistan in 1965 and by China in 1962. A hint of help from America to Pakistan was noticed too. So, India signed the twenty years 'Treaty of Peace and Friendship' with the Soviet Union in 1971 in order to counter the US-Pakistan, China axis. This treaty assumed India of Soviet support if the country forced any attack.

  3. The first NAM Summit was held in Belgrade in 1961 and it was attended by 25 members states.

  4. The NATO was an association of twelve states. All these states belonged to western Europe. It is more based on ideological association formed by the USA. Therefore, this association was also called Western Alliance.

  5. The Western alliance headed by the US, represented the ideology of liberal democracy and capitalism, while the Eastern Alliance, headed by the Soviet Union, was committed to the ideology of socialism and communalism.

  6.  

    1. The newly evolved criterion required to make a total shift to a capitalist economy to root out completely any structures evolved during the Soviet period.

    2. Shock therapy involved a drastic change in the external orientation.

    3. A sudden and complete switch to free trade was considered essential.

    4. It also involved openness to foreign investment, financial opening up and currency convertibility.

    5. It involved the creation of a space for privatization of government-owned entities.

    6. It involved the conversion of a state-controlled economy into a market-oriented economy.

  7. In Russia, two republics—Chechnya and Dagestan—had violent secessionist movements. Moscow’s method of dealing with the Chechen rebels and indiscriminate military bombings have led to many human rights violation but failed to deter the aspirations for ‘independence’. The Chechen separatist declared independence in the 1990s. The invasion of Dagestan was the main reason for the Second Chechen war.

  8. Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis is a term that denotes the confrontation between the two superpowers i.e., the USA and the USSR.
    The Soviet Union led by the Nikita Khrushchev installed nuclear missiles in Cuba in the hope of converting Cuba into a Russian base. The main aim was to plan a devastating attack on the USA if they start a war. This installation of nuclear missiles threatened a number of cities of the American mainland. It was because they were set on the target of those missiles. As a result, the US President, John F. Kennedy and his advisors ordered the American warships to intercept any Soviet ships heading to Cuba so as to avoid a full-scale nuclear war. At this step of the USA, Russian President ordered Warships to headed towards Cuba. This series of tensions and confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union is known as the 'Cuban Missile Crisis' which later came to be known as an event of 'Cold War'.
    Two world leaders who played a crucial role in the Cuban Missile Crisis were Nikita Khrushchev and John F Kennedy. This crisis could be avoided with the help of the UN.

  9. The world was restructured after the Cold War. Following were the four realities that changed the world politics after the Cold War:

    1. The Cold War ended with the disintegration of the USSR in 1991 which led to the emergence of 12 independent republics carved out of the then USSR which eventually made the Common Wealth of the Independent States (CIS).
    2. The Cold War had divided the Berlin in the very beginning, however, with the end of Cold War, the Berlin wall collapsed, which unified Germany and Berlin became the capital of United Germany.
    3. The significant reality in the post-Cold War era, which the world witnessed was the ending of bipolarity and emergence of the USA as the sole superpower which eventually demanded an end to the arms race.
    4. The US made the capitalist economy as the new dominant model of the economic system which led to the near death of communism.
    5. Questions were raised for the relevance of the Non-aligned movement. Some people called it irrelevance after the cold war whereas some other people called it more relevance in this era.
    6. Two polar World changed into Mono-Polar World. Now the only super power remained in the world was the USA.
    7. US started to dominate the World's Economy.

  10. Indonesia’s Sukarno and Ghana’s Kwame Nkrumah were two founders of the NON-ALIGNED MOVEMENT. The first NAM was held in Belgrade in 1961. This was the culmination of the following three factors:

    1. Cooperation among member countries.

    2. Growing cold war tensions and its widening arenas.

    3. The dramatic entry of many new decolonised African countries into the international arena.

    1. The two superpowers were the United States of America and the United States of Soviet Russia.
    2. Allies wanted to remain with one of the superpowers to stand still in the world economy and get the benefits in case of emergency or trade purpose. It could help them to grow faster.
    3. The superpowers wanted to bring other countries into their camps just to control them, use their resources, and to spread their influence in the world.
    4. The Soviets and Germans had a non-aggression pact in the first two years of the war with a secret protocol. The support of the Western allies of the Atlantic Charter. The Eastern Bloc of Soviet satellite states that was created. The Allies allowing Germany to rebuild industry and army, scrapping the Marshall and Morgenthau plans. The Allies allowing Germany to join NATO. American and British fears of communist attacks and the Soviet Union’s dislike of capitalism. The Soviet Union’s fear of America’s nuclear weapons and refusal to share their nuclear secrets
    1. Members of NATO and Warsaw Pact are mentioned below:
      • NATO members: Britain, France, Belgium, West Germany, Italy, Norway, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, Greece, Netherland and Turkey.
      • Warsaw Pact members: East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland and USSR.
    2. NATO came into existence in April 1949 and Warsaw Pact was created in 1955.
    3. The object of the Warsaw Pact was to counter NATO’s forces in Europe.
    4. The main clause of NATO was it was an association of twelve states which declared that armed attack on any one of them in Europe or North America would be regarded as an attack on all of them. Each of these states would be obliged to help each other.

  13. Since the Cold War did not eliminate rivalries between the two alliances there were mutual suspicions between them. This led to an arms race. Huge stock of arms was considered necessary to prevent wars from taking place. Both USA and USSR wanted to prove their supremacy on the global stage. The two opposite bloc were sceptical to each other about their nuclear arsenals which led them to produce more and more nuclear weapons for their safeguard. On the other hand, both the sides understood that in spite of restraint, the war might occur due to the following reasons:

    Thus, both the powers - the US and the Soviet Union - decided to limit or eliminate certain kinds of nuclear and non-nuclear weapons to maintain a stable balance of weapons. Starting in the 1960s, three treaties were signed. These were the Limited Test Ban Treaty, the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. Thereafter, the superpowers held several rounds of arms limitation talks and signed several more treaties to limit their arms.

    1. Miscalculation of the number of weapons in the possession of the other camp.
    2. Misunderstanding the intentions of the other side.
    3. A nuclear accident by mistake or by a soldier mischievously to start a war.